Global Analysis of Real Call Center Labor Costs

United States (USA)

Average Salary: U.S. call center (customer service) representatives earn roughly $35–40k per year. The median wage is about $19/hour (≈$39,680 annually) bls.gov. This figure can vary by industry and location (the mean is higher, ~$20.9/hr bls.gov, due to some sectors paying more).

Employer Contributions: U.S. employers pay 7.65% on top of wages for Social Security and Medicare (FICA) taxes irs.gov. This equates to roughly $2.7–3.0k on a $40k salary. Additional recurring costs include federal/state unemployment insurance and workers' comp (generally adding a few percent). Many employers also provide health insurance and other benefits (not legally mandated), but these vary widely and are not included here.

Paid Leave: There is no statutory PTO minimum in the U.S., but a typical full-time call center employee might receive around 10 paid vacation days and 8 paid holidays per year, plus perhaps 5–6 paid sick/personal days as a benefits policy. In total this is ~23 paid days off annually (about 184 hours). These paid non-working hours increase the cost per actual working hour.

Real Hourly Cost: Combining salary and employer FICA, an average U.S. call center agent might cost the employer roughly $38–40k/year. Spread over the actual hours worked (≈1,880–1,900 hours/year after PTO), the real cost per hour of work is on the order of $20–21 USD. (Sources: BLS median wage data bls.gov; IRS FICA rates irs.gov.)

Mexico

Average Salary: A call center agent in Mexico earns about MXN $12,000–13,000 per month on average. Salary surveys show roughly MXN $146,000 per year (about $70 MXN/hour) salaryexpert.com, which is approximately $7,500–8,000 USD/year at 2024 exchange rates.

Employer Contributions: Mexico has substantial mandatory benefits. Employers contribute roughly 27%–35% of salary to social security programs iuslaboris.com, covering insurance, health care, pensions, etc. In addition, Mexican law mandates a yearly "aguinaldo" (13th month bonus) of at least 15 days' pay and a 25% vacation premium on paid vacation days. These add roughly ~5% of annual pay in extra cost (15 days bonus ≈4% and vacation premium ≈1% of salary).

Paid Leave: As of 2023, Mexico entitles workers to 12 paid vacation days after one year (increasing with tenure) and about 7 paid public holidays. Paid sick leave is covered by social security after the first 3 days, so short absences may not be fully employer-paid. In total, assume ~19 paid days off in a year for a relatively new employee. (The 15-day bonus and vacation premium mean those days off are fully paid and then some.)

Real Hourly Cost: With an average salary (~MXN $146k) plus ~30% in employer contributions and statutory bonuses, the total annual employer cost is around MXN $190k. That is roughly $11,000–12,000 USD/year. Given a standard 48-hour workweek in Mexico (≈2,304 working hours if full-year, minus ~152 hours of paid leave), the real cost per hour comes out to approximately $5 USD/hour of actual work. (Sources: SalaryExpert average salary salaryexpert.com; Ius Laboris social contribution rates iuslaboris.com; Mexican Federal Labor Law for aguinaldo & vacation.)

Costa Rica

Average Salary: In Costa Rica, call center salaries average about CRC ₡7.7 million per year salaryexpert.com. This is roughly ₡640,000 per month, equivalent to about $13,000–14,000 USD/year. The hourly wage comes out to about ₡3,700 CRC/hour salaryexpert.com (≈$6.50/hour).

Employer Contributions: Employers in Costa Rica pay significant social security contributions to the CCSS (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social). The employer's share is about 26% of wages for pensions, health insurance, etc. Additionally, Costa Rica mandates a yearly "aguinaldo" 13th-month bonus equal to one month's pay (≈8.33% of annual salary). Employers also typically budget for severance liabilities and other labor costs. All told, benefits and contributions can add roughly 30+% to the base salary.

Paid Leave: Full-time employees get 2 weeks (10 business days) of paid vacation after 50 weeks of work, per law. There are also ~11 paid public holidays each year. Paid sick leave is largely covered by social security after 3 days. In total, assume about 21 paid days off annually (80+ hours).

Real Hourly Cost: An average salary (₡7.7M) plus ~26% social contributions and the 13th month bonus yields roughly ₡10 million in annual employer cost (≈$18,000 USD). With a 48-hour workweek minus ~168 hours of paid leave, actual working hours are ~2,280 per year. The real cost per working hour is on the order of $8 USD/hour. (Sources: SalaryExpert Costa Rica salary data salaryexpert.com; Costa Rica labor code on aguinaldo and leave.)

Dominican Republic

Average Salary: Call center agents in the Dominican Republic earn around DOP $20,000–30,000 Dominican pesos per month. Glassdoor estimates DOP $26,000/mo base in Santo Domingo, with total pay around 35k including bonuses. Salary surveys show an average of DOP $266,100 per year salaryexpert.com, which is about DOP $22,000/month ($4,700 USD/year).

Employer Contributions: Employers must pay into the DR social security system for health and pensions (around 14%–16% of salary combined). The law also mandates a "Christmas Salary" bonus each December equal to one month's pay (a 13th month, 8.33% of annual pay, tax-free up to a cap). There is a legal provision for severance pay (cesantía) if employees are terminated without cause, but ongoing accrual for this is not a direct monthly cost (unless provisioned by the employer).

Paid Leave: After one year, workers are entitled to 14 days of paid vacation. The Dominican Republic has around 12 public holidays per year (one of the highest in Latin America). Sick leave is available through social security for common illnesses. Overall, assume roughly 26 paid days off in a year (vacation + holidays).

Real Hourly Cost: With a base salary near DOP $266k and about ~15% in employer contributions plus the 13th month, the annual employer cost is roughly DOP $310k (≈$5,500 USD). The standard workweek is 44 hours (legal maximum), so about 2,288 scheduled hours minus ~208 hours of paid leave yields ~2,080 actual working hours/year. This results in a real cost of roughly $2.50–$3.00 USD per hour of work. (Sources: SalaryExpert DR salary salaryexpert.com; Dominican labor code on Christmas bonus and leave.)

Jamaica

Average Salary: Jamaican call center agents (customer service) earn about JMD $1.3 million per year on average salaryexpert.com, roughly JMD $110k per month. This equates to about $8,500–9,000 USD per year (JMD ~$155 = $1). The average hourly wage is ≈JMD $642/hour salaryexpert.com (around $4.10 USD/hour).

Employer Contributions: Jamaica's employer payroll taxes total roughly 12.5% of wages. This includes 3% National Housing Trust (NHT), 3% National Insurance Scheme (NIS), 3.5% Education Tax, and a 3% HEART training levy taxsummaries.pwc.com. (Employees contribute smaller percentages to NHT/NIS/Ed Tax as well taxsummaries.pwc.com.) There is no mandated 13th-month bonus in Jamaica. Many large employers may offer performance bonuses or allowances, but those are discretionary.

Paid Leave: By law, Jamaican employees get at least 2 weeks (10 work days) of paid vacation annually after one year of service. There are ~10–11 public holidays per year. Paid sick leave is not statutory for most workers, though some employers grant a number of paid sick days as part of company policy (e.g. ~5 days). All told, assume around 20 paid days off in a typical year.

Real Hourly Cost: With an average base salary (~JMD $1.33M) and ~12.5% in employer taxes, the annual cost is about JMD $1.5M (≈$9,700 USD). Divided by roughly 1,880 working hours/year (accounting for ~160 hours of PTO), the real cost per hour is approximately $5 USD/hour of actual work. (Sources: SalaryExpert Jamaica salary salaryexpert.com; PwC Jamaica payroll tax rates taxsummaries.pwc.com.)

Colombia

Average Salary: In 2024, a call center agent in Colombia earns about COP $30 million Colombian pesos per year salaryexpert.com on average. That's roughly COP $2.5 million per month (approximately $600 USD/month, or $7,000–7,500 USD/year at 2024 exchange rates). The average hourly wage is about COP $14,250 salaryexpert.com, which is ~USD $3.50–$4.00/hour.

Employer Contributions: Colombia has very high mandatory benefits. Employers pay around 30% (or more) of salary in social security and parafiscal contributions. This includes 8.5% for health insurance, 12% for pensions, 1–2% for labor risk insurance, and ~9% combined to family welfare funds (ICBF, SENA, etc.) iuslaboris.com payin.one. Additionally, Colombian law mandates two "service bonus" payments (Primas) equivalent to one month's salary per year, usually half in June and half in December – effectively a 13th month (adding 8.33%). Employers must also pay 15 days of vacation per year (already part of salary) and deposit roughly 8.33% of salary to a severance fund (cesantías) plus 12% annual interest on that severance. All told, the loaded cost can be nearly 150% of base salary for a Colombian employee when all benefits are included.

Paid Leave: Employees get 15 working days of paid vacation per year by law. Colombia also has one of the highest number of public holidays (approximately 18 holidays annually iuslaboris.com, though some years a few fall on weekends). In practice, around ~15–16 paid holidays occur on weekdays. Paid sick leave is covered by the social security system starting on the third day (employers cover only the first two days at 66% pay). In total, a typical employee might have ~30 paid days off (15 vacation + ~15 holidays).

Real Hourly Cost: An average agent's salary (~COP $30 million) plus all employer burdens (social contributions ~30%, bonus 13th month, etc.) results in roughly COP $40–45 million in annual employer cost. That is about $10,000–11,000 USD/year. Assuming a 48-hour workweek (the legal maximum) and ~240 hours of paid leave, the actual work hours per year are ~2,230. This yields a real cost around $4.5–$5.0 USD per hour of actual work. (Sources: SalaryExpert Colombia salary salaryexpert.com; Ius Laboris on Colombia contributions iuslaboris.com; Colombian labor code for primas and leave.)

Brazil

Average Salary: A Brazilian call center agent earns roughly R$40,000–45,000 BRL per year on average. In São Paulo (a high-cost region), the average is R$45,132/year (R$21.7/hour) salaryexpert.com, which is ~6% above the national average salaryexpert.com. Nationally, this suggests an average around R$42,500/year (about R$3,540 per month). In USD terms, that's roughly $8,000–9,000 USD/year.

Employer Contributions: Brazil's labor costs are notoriously high. Employers pay approximately 28–30% on top of wages in social security taxes (20% INSS pension, plus ~8% for other payroll levies like FGTS fund, accident insurance, education/SENAI system, etc.). In addition, Brazil mandates both a 13th month salary and generous vacation pay: every employee receives a 13th month bonus (100% of one month's pay) in December and, when taking annual vacation, an extra vacation bonus of 1/3 of a month's pay salaryexpert.com. Workers are entitled to 30 days of paid vacation (usually 22 business days) per year, and it's common to take it all at once or split into a few blocks. The employer effectively pays ~4 weeks of extra salary each year through the 13th salary (+8.33%) and the vacation bonus (+~2.8%). Thus, total employer cost can be roughly 150% of base salary or more when all contributions and bonuses are included.

Paid Leave: 30 calendar days of paid vacation (usually counted as 22 working days) are guaranteed. Brazil also has about 11 public holidays federally (with additional state/local holidays in some locales). Sick leave in Brazil is paid by the employer for the first 15 days of illness at 100% pay, after which social security takes over – meaning employers do incur some sick leave cost (though average short-term usage might be a few days per year). Conservatively, assume ~33 paid days off (22 vacation + ~11 holidays) per year, in addition to the fact that the employee's vacation period is paid with a 1/3 bonus.

Real Hourly Cost: For an average agent (around R$42k base), the annual employer cost might be on the order of R$60k after adding social taxes, 13th salary, and vacation bonus. That's roughly $12,000 USD/year. A full-time schedule is 44 hours/week by law (approx. 2,288 hours/year before leave). After ~264 hours of PTO, net working hours are ~2,024/year. We estimate the real cost per actual hour of work is roughly $5.5–$6.0 USD/hour. (Sources: SalaryExpert Brazil (São Paulo) data salaryexpert.com; Brazilian CLT labor law for 13th salary and vacation.)

Spain

Average Salary: Call center/customer service salaries in Spain are modest. PayScale reports an average of €18,300 per year for a call center agent payscale.com. Many entry-level call center jobs pay around €1,000–1,200 per month (≈€14k annually), while experienced or bilingual agents in cities like Madrid or Barcelona might earn €18k–€20k. We will use ~€18,000/year (~$19,500 USD) as a representative average gross salary for 2024.

Employer Contributions: Spain's social security contributions by employers are substantial – generally about 30%–33% of gross salary getontop.com. (This covers pensions, unemployment, illness, and other social benefits.) It is common in Spain to quote salaries in 14 payments (12 months + extra half-payments in summer and Christmas), but those "extra" payments are typically just a distribution of the annual salary, not additional money. Aside from social security, employers also must provide paid annual leave and typically adhere to collective agreements that may include other benefits (meal vouchers, etc., not considered here).

Paid Leave: 30 calendar days (usually 22 working days) of paid vacation per year is the legal minimum in Spain vacationtracker.io. In practice this is often taken as 4–5 weeks off. Spain also has 14 public holidays (national plus regional/local) in most regions plane.com. On average, around 12 holidays fall on weekdays that employees get off. Sick leave is paid by the employer at 60% for days 4–15 of an illness (with the first 3 days often unpaid, and longer illnesses covered by social security), so employers may incur some sick-pay costs, but we will not quantify those here. In total, a full-time Spanish employee might have roughly 34 paid days off (22 vacation + ~12 holidays) each year.

Real Hourly Cost: An €18k salary plus ~30% contributions brings the annual employer cost to roughly €23,000–24,000 (≈$25k–$26k USD). The standard workweek is 40 hours (about 1,760 work-hours per year after accounting for 34 days off). Therefore, the effective cost per hour of actual work is on the order of $12–$15 USD/hour. (At the midpoint, ~$13 USD/hour.) (Sources: PayScale Spain average payscale.com; Spanish labor law – 22 days leave vacationtracker.io; employer social cost ~30% getontop.com.)

Bulgaria

Average Salary: Bulgaria's call center salaries are on the lower side for the EU. The average is about BGN 18,793 per year salaryexpert.com, which is roughly BGN 1,566 per month. In Euros that's ~€9,600/year (since BGN is pegged ~1.95:1 to the euro), or about $10,500 USD/year. This corresponds to an hourly wage of around 9 BGN/hour salaryexpert.com.

Employer Contributions: Employers in Bulgaria contribute approximately 19% of wages to social security funds germania.bg refugeelight.bg. (The exact range is ~18.9%–19.6% depending on the industry risk class.) This covers pensions, health insurance, unemployment, etc., while employees contribute ~13.8% themselves refugeelight.bg. There is no mandatory 13th month bonus in Bulgaria.

Paid Leave: The law mandates at least 20 working days of paid vacation per year for full-time employees. In addition, Bulgaria has ~11–12 public holidays annually. (If a holiday falls on a weekend, the following Monday is often given off, effectively maintaining that number of days off.) Employers pay the first 3 days of any sick leave at 70% pay, after which social security covers the remainder – so short sick absences have a small employer cost. All combined, assume about 31 paid days off per year (20 vacation + ~11 holidays).

Real Hourly Cost: With ~BGN 18,793 base pay and ~19% social contributions, the annual employer cost is roughly BGN 22,300 (≈€11,400 or $12,300 USD). Spread over ~1,816 actual working hours per year (after ~248 hours of leave), the real cost per hour comes out to roughly $6.5–$7.0 USD/hour. (Sources: SalaryExpert Bulgaria salary salaryexpert.com; Bulgaria social contribution rates germania.bg.)

Poland

Average Salary: The average call center representative in Poland earns about PLN 64,365 per year (around PLN 5,360 per month) salaryexpert.com. This is roughly $15,000–16,000 USD per year. The typical hourly wage comes out to around PLN 30–33 zł/hour salaryexpert.com (approximately $7–$8 USD/hour).

Employer Contributions: Poland's employers contribute roughly 20–21% of gross salary for social security. This includes contributions for retirement (9.76%), disability (6.5%), accident insurance (~1.7% average), the Labor Fund (2.45%), and a tiny amount for the Guaranteed Benefits Fund (0.1%). There is no statutory 13th-month salary in Poland. (Some employers voluntarily pay annual bonuses, but not by law.) Health insurance (~9%) is deducted from employees' gross pay, not paid on top. Thus, a Polish employer's recurring statutory cost is about 20% over base pay.

Paid Leave: Polish law gives 20 days of paid vacation per year to employees with under 10 years of service, and 26 days to those with 10+ years (note: educational years count toward service). Many call center employees (often younger but many are university-educated) qualify for 26 days annual leave. Poland has 13 public holidays each year, and these are all paid days off if they fall on weekdays (they often do; there is no substitution if they fall on a weekend). Employers also cover the first 33 days of sick leave per year at 80% pay, which can be a notable cost if employees use sick time. For our purposes, assume an average of 26 vacation days and ~10 holidays actually taken (some holidays may coincide with weekends in a given year), for around 36 paid days off total.

Real Hourly Cost: With a ~PLN 64k salary and ~20% in employer social taxes, the annual cost is about PLN 77,000 (≈$18,000 USD). Assuming ~1,730 actual working hours per year (after ~288 hours of leave), the effective cost per hour is roughly $10–$11 USD/hour. (Sources: SalaryExpert Poland salary salaryexpert.com; Polish ZUS contribution rates; Labor Code for leave entitlements.)

South Africa

Average Salary: South African call center salaries vary, but are generally low in global terms. As of late 2024, the average base salary is about ZAR R6,002 per month nasi-ispani.co.za. That equates to R72,000 per year, roughly $3,800–$4,000 USD/year. This corresponds to a wage of about R36–R40 per hour (South Africa's national minimum wage in 2024 is around R25/hour, so call center work is somewhat above minimum). Major urban centers or international-process call centers may pay more (e.g. R7k–10k/month in Cape Town or Johannesburg nasi-ispani.co.za), but R6k is a representative average nationally.

Employer Contributions: South Africa's mandatory employer contributions are minimal: 1% for unemployment insurance (UIF) and about 1% for the Skills Development Levy, plus a small contribution to the work injury insurance (varying by industry risk, often <1% for an office environment). In total, statutory employer costs are roughly 2–3% of salary. There is no required 13th month bonus, though some companies voluntarily give annual bonuses. Medical insurance and pension plans are optional benefits provided by some employers but not required by law for call centers.

Paid Leave: By law, full-time workers get 15 working days of paid annual leave (equivalent to three weeks) per year in South Africa. There are 12 public holidays annually, and if they fall on weekdays, those are paid off days (or compensated if the employee must work). Sick leave is granted as 30 days over a 3-year cycle (averaging 10 days per year) – typically an employer might see a few sick days used per employee annually. All told, assume roughly 27 paid days off in a year (15 vacation + ~12 holidays), not counting any sick leave actually taken.

Real Hourly Cost: With ~R72k annual base pay and ~2% in contributions, the annual cost is about R73,500 (≈$3,900 USD). If an employee works ~45 hours/week (common maximum, including some overtime) or roughly 2,100 hours/year minus ~216 hours of leave, the real cost per hour comes out extremely low – on the order of $1.80 USD/hour. Even if we assume some higher-end scenarios (e.g. R8k/month and more overtime), the cost would only rise to a few dollars per hour. South Africa thus offers one of the lowest real labor costs (~$2/hr) among the countries compared, given its combination of low wages and low employer taxes. (Sources: Nasi Ispani SA salary report nasi-ispani.co.za; SA Basic Conditions of Employment Act for leave; SA UIF and SDL rates.)

India

Average Salary: India's call center/BPO industry is well-known for low costs. The average call center agent's salary is around ₹15,000 per month in.indeed.com, which is ₹180,000 per year. This equals roughly $2,200 USD/year (₹ at ~83/USD). Another source (PayScale) reports an average of ₹194,000/year for 2025 payscale.com, in the same ballpark. In monthly terms, that's about $180 USD/month. Time Doctor data translates this to about $201 USD/month on average timedoctor.com for a call center agent in India, which aligns with ₹15k. Hourly wage is approximately ₹90–100, or $1.20 USD/hour.

Employer Contributions: Indian employers are required to contribute to several statutory benefits: Provident Fund (PF) at 12% of basic salary, Employees' State Insurance (ESI) at 3.25% (for lower-paid workers up to ₹21k/month), and a statutory gratuity provision (~4.8% of wages) for long-term employees. There's also a statutory bonus act requiring a bonus of 8.33% of annual salary for employees earning under ₹21k, which many call center agents fall under. In total, a compliant employer might incur on the order of 25–30% of salary in these recurring benefits (though in some cases ESI or bonus might not apply if wages are just above the threshold). Notably, health insurance is provided via ESI for lower incomes; large companies often provide private medical insurance as well, but that is optional.

Paid Leave: Leave in India can depend on state laws and company policy. A common framework is 12 days of paid annual leave, plus perhaps 6–12 days of sick/casual leave, and around 10–14 public holidays per year (national and festival holidays, depending on the region). Many call centers bundle sick and casual leave, granting around 12 combined. For an average calculation, assume roughly 12 vacation days, 8 other leave days, and 12 holidays — about 32 paid days off annually.

Real Hourly Cost: With a ₹180k salary and ~25% employer contributions/bonus, the annual cost is about ₹225k (≈$2,700 USD). For a 48-hour workweek (many Indian call centers have 5 or 6-day weeks; 48 hrs is the legal limit) minus ~256 hours of leave, that's ~2,250 working hours/year. The real cost per hour is only about $1.20–$1.50 USD/hour. This extraordinarily low cost is a key reason India remains a top outsourcing destination. (For perspective, an Indian call center agent at $1.3/hr vs. a U.S. counterpart at ~$20/hr is a massive cost difference.) (Sources: Indeed India average salary in.indeed.com; Time Doctor global comparison timedoctor.com; Indian EPF & ESI statutory rates.)

Philippines

Average Salary: The Philippines is another BPO hub with low labor costs. The average call center agent salary is about PHP ₱261,800 per year salaryexpert.com, which is ₱21,800 per month. That equals roughly $4,700–$5,000 USD/year (at ₱55:$1). This implies an hourly wage around ₱126 PHP/hour salaryexpert.com, or about $2.30 USD/hour. Many entry-level BPO agents in Metro Manila might start around ₱18k–20k/month, while experienced or night-shift agents might earn ₱25k–30k, so ₱22k as an average is reasonable.

Employer Contributions: Employers in the Philippines contribute to Social Security (SSS), PhilHealth, and Pag-IBIG (housing fund). In 2024, the combined employer share is roughly ~13–14% of salary (SSS employer ~9.5% up to a salary cap, plus PhilHealth ~2% and Pag-IBIG 2%). Additionally, it is mandatory to pay a 13th month bonus equivalent to one month's salary by year-end (an extra ~8.33% of annual pay). These are recurring statutory costs. Many call center companies also provide night differential pay (if working late hours) and sometimes performance incentives, but those vary.

Paid Leave: By law, workers get at least 5 days of paid leave (called Service Incentive Leave) per year, but BPO companies typically offer more generous leave packages (often 10 to 15 days of vacation leave and a similar number of sick leave days). It's common to see around 15 combined PTO days annually in well-established call centers. The Philippines also has ~12 regular public holidays and several special holidays each year. In practice, about ~12 holidays are fully paid days off (some special holidays may be worked or unpaid off). So in total, an average agent might have around 27 paid days off (15 personal + ~12 holidays). If they work on holidays, they receive premium pay, which for cost accounting is equivalent to paying for the holiday time anyway.

Real Hourly Cost: With a ₱262k base salary and ~13% contributions plus the 13th month, the annual employer cost is roughly ₱300k (≈$5,400 USD). Assuming a standard 40-hour workweek and ~216 hours of PTO, actual working hours are ~1,864 per year. The real cost per hour comes out around $2.90–$3.20 USD/hour. This confirms why the Philippines is also very cost-competitive globally (about $3/hour fully loaded cost on average). (Sources: SalaryExpert Philippines salary salaryexpert.com; Philippine SSS/PhilHealth contribution rates 2024; DOLE labor code for 13th month and leave.)

(The above are rounded estimates. Actual costs can vary by specific city, experience level, and company benefit policies. Sources for underlying data include government labor stats and industry salary surveys: e.g., BLS (US) bls.gov, Ius Laboris (Americas contributions) iuslaboris.com, SalaryExpert/Payscale surveys for each country, etc., as detailed in the text.)

• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics – National wage data for Customer Service Representatives bls.gov.
• IRS Tax Topic 751 – FICA (Social Security/Medicare) rates irs.gov.
• Data México (Secretaría de Economía) – Q3 2024 average call center salaries economia.gob.mx.
• SalaryExpert – Salary surveys for Call Center Agents in Mexico salaryexpert.com, Costa Rica salaryexpert.com, Dominican Republic salaryexpert.com, Jamaica salaryexpert.com, Colombia salaryexpert.com, Brazil (São Paulo) salaryexpert.com, Bulgaria salaryexpert.com, Poland salaryexpert.com, Philippines salaryexpert.com.
• Ius Laboris – Summary of employer social security rates in the Americas (e.g. Mexico 26.9%–35.1% iuslaboris.com, Colombia health/pension rates iuslaboris.com).
• PwC and local labor laws – Jamaica payroll tax rates taxsummaries.pwc.com, South Africa average salary (Nasi Ispani) nasi-ispani.co.za, Spain leave entitlements vacationtracker.io, etc.
• Indeed.com / Payscale – Average salaries in India in.indeed.com and Spain payscale.com.
• Time Doctor – Global outsourcing salary comparison (India vs. Philippines vs. Mexico) timedoctor.com.